从一本六年产量收入日记帐分析茶叶增产增收途径

2012年,我们在实施全国农业示范推广补助项目,对湖北省宜昌市夷陵区茶叶科技示范户周先明进行调查,发现该户从2009年起每天采茶都记了日记帐,我们分析了他4年采茶产量收入,春茶产量占全年29%,其收入占全年60%,亩产鲜叶量为1256.3公斤,亩现金收入为6054元。2013年实施该项目后,我们一是通过他多年每日记载数据分析绘制成图;二是实地茶园土壤肥力性状,树体结构和管理措施调查分析,提出其水田茶园不同于过去旱坡茶园的综合高效管理增产增收途径,在2013-2014年早春干旱情况下,茶叶产量收入得到较大提高,对全区茶叶生产具有重要指导作用。     

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Possibilities to improve maize harvest index and nutrient utilization efficiency by application of plant growth regulators were investigated. In container experiments, the effects of different growth regulators on the development of the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas were tested. Paclobutrazol (PAC) and chlorocholine chloride (CCC), two inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis, as well as gibberellic acid (GA₃) were applied at growth stage V5. Three weeks after application of PAC, shoot growth of both maize cultivars was strongly affected with a significant decrease in plant height in the PAC treatment by 44% and 36% for Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas, respectively. The growth‐retarded plants had higher leaf areas and reduced transpiration rates. The higher shoot growth after GA₃ application was accompanied by a reduction in leaf area and an increase in transpiration rate during 1 week before anthesis. CCC treatment showed no significant effects on plant height, leaf area and transpiration rate. The PAC‐treated cultivar Pioneer 3906 produced several cobs per plant, which were mainly barren at maturity. However, PAC application to Fabregas resulted in just one cob per plant with good kernel development and a grain yield, which was not significantly reduced in comparison with the control. With this similar grain yield in combination with a straw yield decrease of 32%, the harvest index was significantly improved by 12%. In addition, with PAC‐treated Fabregas plants, a 19% increased water use efficiency of the grain (WUE_grain) during the critical period of kernel setting was achieved. In this maize cultivar, CCC application also improved harvest index by 5%, but no effect on WUE_grain occurred. GA₃ treatment decreased harvest index of both maize cultivars, and it either reduced WUE_grain (Pioneer 3906) or showed no effect (Fabregas). Utilization efficiencies of N, P and K were not increased with growth regulator application, even in the PAC‐treated Fabregas plants with a significantly improved allocation of assimilates to the grain, mirrored by the higher harvest index. The results indicate that fertilizer applications must be adjusted to the reduced demand of growth‐retarded plants, most likely leading to higher nutrient utilization efficiencies.     

相变材料在绿色储粮中的应用探讨

相变材料能够储存或释放显热,在熔化或凝固过程中虽然温度不变但吸收的潜热却相当大。根据相变材料可以吸收环境热能并在需要时向环境发出热能的特征,研究相变材料在粮食仓储中的应用,减小外界环境对粮仓温度的影响,达到恒温绿色生态储粮的目的。     

储粮害虫磷化氢抗性分子遗传学研究进展

由于长期单一使用磷化氢,储粮害虫对其产生的抗药性日益增强,已成为威胁粮食安全储藏的重大问题。自从发现两个磷化氢抗性基因rph1和rph2,以及完成赤拟谷盗全基因测序以来,储粮害虫磷化氢抗性基因的相关研究迅速发展。近年来,在抗性基因的鉴定、表达、进化、突变等研究方面取得了一定成果,为储粮害虫磷化氢抗性治理提供了新的科学指导。本文就储粮害虫磷化氢抗性分子遗传学的研究进展进行综述。     

大型组合式机械通风玉米穗储粮仓的设计

本研究针对大农户玉米穗储藏的实际情况，研制了大型组合式机械通风玉米穗储粮仓，并对其进行了装粮试验。结果表明：该型储粮仓机械性能稳定，结构组装方便，降水、防霉、防鼠效果显著，可有效降低粮食产后损失，保证粮食品质。 [关键词] 粮仓|玉米穗|机械通风     

冠菌素对玉米抗倒伏能力及产量的影响

在田间条件下，以玉米品种先玉335和郑单958为材料，在八展叶时于叶面喷施不同浓度 (0、0.01、0.1、1和10 μmol/L) 冠菌素 (COR)，研究了COR对玉米抗倒伏能力及产量的影响。结果表明:经10 μmol/L COR处理后，先玉335的株高和穗位高分别比对照降低了7.0%和19.9%，郑单958分别降低了20.8%和18.2%，单株叶面积、节间抗折断力、穗下第8~14节间长度和节间最大直径与对照间亦差异显著。且随着COR浓度的增加，先玉335和郑单958的株高、穗位高、单株叶面积和穗下第8~14 节间长度均逐渐降低；第8~14节间最大直径和节间抗折断力逐渐增大。经1 μmol/L COR处理后，2个供试玉米品种的产量、穗数、穗粒数和千粒重较对照均有所增加，其中先玉335的产量较对照增加了9.9%，郑单958增加了4.3%。综上所述，COR可以提高玉米的抗倒伏能力，不同品种玉米对COR的敏感性不同，其中先玉335抗倒伏的最适COR浓度为10 μmol/L，郑单958抗倒伏的最适COR浓度为1 μmol/L。     

Impact of High Night‐Time and High Daytime Temperature Stress on Winter Wheat

High temperature is a major environmental factor that limits wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Climate models predict greater increases in night‐time temperature than in daytime temperature. The objective of this research was to compare the effects of high daytime and high night‐time temperatures during anthesis on physiological (chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration, leaf level photosynthesis, and membrane damage), biochemical (reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration and antioxidant capacity in leaves), growth and yield traits of wheat genotypes. Winter wheat genotypes (Ventnor and Karl 92) were grown at optimum temperatures (25/15 °C, maximum/minimum) until the onset of anthesis. Thereafter, plants were exposed to high night‐time (HN, 25/24 °C), high daytime (HD, 35/15 °C), high daytime and night‐time (HDN, 35/24 °C) or optimum temperatures for 7 days. Compared with optimum temperature, HN, HD and HDN increased ROS concentration and membrane damage and decreased antioxidant capacity, photochemical efficiency, leaf level photosynthesis, seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike. Impact of HN and HD was similar on all traits. Greater impact on seed set, grain number and grain yield per spike was observed at HDN compared with HN and HD. These results suggest that HN and HD during anthesis cause damage of a similar magnitude to winter wheat.     

连云港口岸国际航行船舶截获植物有害生物情况分析与建议

为强化对国际航行船舶的检疫监管,降低植物有害生物传入风险,本文对"十二五"期间连云港口岸国际航行船舶截获植物有害生物的情况进行了统计,掌握了截获有害生物的种类,分析了影响截获的主要因素,并提出相应的检疫对策。